The impact of climate is threatening sustainable food production the world over; CSA is a strategic practice that supports farming, ameliorates food insecurity and advances sustainable agriculture—this study assesses the implementation of CSA through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA); from an initial in-depth search of 337 publications, 98 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria; results of the analysis showed that awareness of CSA remains low even with a steady increase in the number of publications from 2020–2023; the south-western region was the most studied as farmers implemented various approaches across the country with 52% of the studies highlighting the implementation of indigenous knowledge which includes adjusting the planting dates and use of natural pest control methods; major determinants of adoption of CSA were access to credit, contact with extension service providers, years of farming experience and level of education; farmers recorded an increase in production and income with improvement in soil health as a result of their adoption of CSA; absence of government policies, high cost of implementation and low level of technical skill are hindrances to adoption; the study concludes that farmers in Nigeria are implementing CSA practices—there is need to increase awareness and develop the capacity of farmers through training in the essential CSA skills; government should legislate reforms and provide incentives to support farmers to adopt CSA.